The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) has confirmed that Lassa fever has claimed 168 lives across 21 states in 2025.
In its situation report for epidemiological week 38, the agency disclosed that 4,543 suspected cases were recorded, with 897 confirmed positive and a case fatality rate of 18.7 per cent.
According to the NCDC, Ondo, Edo, Taraba, and Bauchi remain the hardest-hit states, accounting for 67 per cent of all confirmed infections. Ondo State recorded the highest number of cases, followed by Edo and Bauchi.
Other affected states include Ebonyi, Benue, Kogi, Gombe, Plateau, Kaduna, Nasarawa, Enugu, Delta, Anambra, Rivers, Borno, Oyo, Ogun, the Federal Capital Territory, and Lagos.
The report further revealed that most confirmed infections occurred among individuals aged 21 to 40 years, with both genders equally affected. The NCDC explained that this age bracket represents the most socially and economically active population, making them more vulnerable to the rodent-borne disease.
Lassa fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic illness transmitted to humans through contact with food or household items contaminated with the urine or faeces of infected rats. Human-to-human transmission can also occur, particularly in healthcare settings without adequate infection control.
While infections typically peak between December and April, the NCDC noted that cases have continued throughout the year. The agency warned that without stronger public awareness and preventive measures, Lassa fever will remain a serious public health threat.
Despite ongoing response efforts, Nigeria’s case fatality rate of 18.7 per cent remains above the national target of below 10 per cent. Some states, including Taraba and Bauchi, have reported higher death rates than the national average.
The agency emphasised that early presentation at treatment centres significantly improves survival chances, as ribavirin, an antiviral drug, is most effective when administered promptly.
The NCDC said it continues to lead response efforts by strengthening surveillance systems, expanding diagnostic capacity, and supporting treatment centres in high-burden areas.
It also noted that community sensitisation initiatives are ongoing to encourage preventive actions such as proper food storage, maintaining clean environments, and avoiding self-medication.
The agency called for greater collaboration among state governments, communities, and healthcare workers to control the spread of the disease. It also advised Nigerians to store food properly, cover waste, and limit contact with rodents — the primary carriers of the virus.
While acknowledging progress in case detection and treatment, the NCDC urged continuous vigilance, stressing that Lassa fever remains a major health challenge across several states.